Trident: Blurred Mission Makes Use More Likely
by Glen Milner
The Trident submarine system, developed and deployed during the Cold
War, represented a major shift in nuclear war-fighting strategy�from
mutually assured destruction to a pre-emptive first strike. Missiles
launched from hidden positions in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans
became capable of traveling over 4500 miles, delivering nuclear
warheads within 300 feet of their targets in much less time than
land-based missiles.
From 1982, with the deployment of the USS Ohio, the Trident system
steadily evolved to a total of 18 submarines. Added to their first
strike capability are advancements in satellite warfare and submarine
warfare, and increased sophistication of U.S. intelligence, providing
instant communication and precise navigation for U.S. missiles. Our
ability to destroy becomes nearly absolute.
Today, military planners are proposing ways to make nuclear weapons
more useable, including the nuclear B61-11 �bunker-buster�,
�mininukes� for specific targets, and the tactical and �substrategic�
use of the Trident submarine system. Nuclear war becomes more likely
in the process.
In 2000, four of the eight submarines at Bangor, Washington began a
$6.5 billion refit to the longer range and more accurate Trident II
(D-5) missile. The others have been given a different mission.
In July 2001, Navy Secretary Gordon England announced the four older
Trident submarines at Bangor will be converted to a new class
submarine cruise missile launcher (SSGN). 22 of the 24 launch tubes on
each Trident submarine will carry seven Tomahawk cruise missiles for a
total of 154 missiles. The remaining two tubes would be modified for a
swimmer delivery system for 66 special operations personnel.
Tomahawk cruise missiles are capable of distances up to 1,000 miles,
delivering various types of conventional warheads weighing from 700 to
1,000 pounds. Traveling at approximately 550 miles per hour, missiles
can strike within 30 feet of their target. Underwater warfare
officials promote the fact that Trident SSGN submarines can remain
hidden for months at a time and bring significant firepower to enemy
shores without detection. The Trident SSGN submarines can ripple fire
all 154 Tomahawk cruise missiles within six minutes.
As we now evolve into a state of permanent war with no announced
boundaries, the Trident SSGN submarines will be put to use. During the
January 1991 Persian Gulf War, 288 Tomahawk missiles were launched
against Iraq from U.S. Navy ships and submarines. On October 7, 2001,
the first day of the attacks against Afghanistan, 50 Tomahawk missiles
were launched. Cruise missiles have become the �weapon of choice� by
the Department of Defense.
As a nation, should we be more dependent upon missiles than on
international diplomacy? We have already shown our ability to act
without restraint, and even without correct information when the U.S.
mistakenly launched cruise missiles against a pharmaceutical plant in
Sudan in 1998.
Other problems exist with the Trident cruise missile conversion:
1. The SSGN submarine conversion may violate international arms
agreements. To be compliant, the Trident missile section must be cut
out of the hull and a new section installed. Cost estimates for the
conversion are rapidly rising. Costs are much higher to completely
replace the missile section.
2. Does a mission exist for the clandestine launch of as many as 154
cruise missiles? Or would a smaller amount from existing attack
submarines be sufficient for military planners? Similarly, is there
compatibility of cruise missile deployment and Navy SEAL operations?
Can the Trident, the largest U.S. submarine ever built, even come
close enough to enemy shores?
3. Tomahawk cruise missiles raise other nuclear proliferation
questions. In 1991, President George Bush announced that all tactical
nuclear weapons would be removed from U.S. vessels. In the fiscal year
2000 Annual Report to the President and the Congress, U.S. Defense
Secretary Cohen states, �Nuclear weapons capability on surface ships
has been eliminated but the capability to deploy Tomahawk Land Attack
Missiles armed with a nuclear warhead on submarines has been
maintained.� Nuclear armed Tomahawks are still operational.
In addition, the Bremerton Sun in May 2001 reported that 160
cruise missile nuclear warheads are in storage at the Bangor base
where the Trident SSGN submarines will be deployed. How can we know
that nuclear warheads will not be deployed on the Tomahawk
missiles?
4. The SSGN conversion will cost an estimated $3.34 billion. An
estimated $12 billion would be saved over the life of the program if
the SSGN conversion was canceled and the four submarines
decommissioned.
Public discussion is needed on the Trident cruise missile conversion
at Bangor. We would find a greater security for our nation and the
world if the Trident submarines were put away for good.
Glen Milner lives in Seattle and is a member of Ground Zero Center
for Nonviolent Action in Poulsbo, Washington. Please see website
www.gzcenter.org.
|